Iliff, J. J. et al. A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β. Sci. Transl. Med. 4, 147ra111 (2012).
Google Scholar
Xie, L. et al. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science 342, 373–377 (2013).
Google Scholar
Magistretti, P. J. & Allaman, I. Lactate in the brain: from metabolic end-product to signalling molecule. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 19, 235–249 (2018).
Google Scholar
Laughlin, S. B., de Ruyter van Steveninck, R. R. & Anderson, J. C. The metabolic cost of neural information. Nat. Neurosci. 1, 36–41 (1998).
Google Scholar
Kaplan, L., Chow, B. W. & Gu, C. Neuronal regulation of the blood–brain barrier and neurovascular coupling. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 21, 416–432 (2020).
Google Scholar
Oliver, G., Kipnis, J., Randolph, G. J. & Harvey, N. L. The lymphatic vasculature in the 21st century: novel functional roles in homeostasis and disease. Cell 182, 270–296 (2020).
Google Scholar
Hablitz, L. M. & Nedergaard, M. The glymphatic system. Curr. Biol. 31, R1371–R1375 (2021).
Google Scholar
Rasmussen, M. K., Mestre, H. & Nedergaard, M. Fluid transport in the brain. Physiol. Rev. 102, 1025–1151 (2022).
Google Scholar
Lei, Y., Han, H., Yuan, F., Javeed, A. & Zhao, Y. The brain interstitial system: anatomy, modeling, in vivo measurement, and applications. Prog. Neurobiol. 157, 230–246 (2017).
Google Scholar
Fultz, N. E. et al. Coupled electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and cerebrospinal fluid oscillations in human sleep. Science 366, 628–631 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hablitz, L. M. et al. Increased glymphatic influx is correlated with high EEG delta power and low heart rate in mice under anesthesia. Sci. Adv. 5, eaav5447 (2019).
Google Scholar
Jiang-Xie, L. F. et al. A common neuroendocrine substrate for diverse general anesthetics and sleep. Neuron 102, 1053–1065.e4 (2019).
Google Scholar
Buzsaki, G. Large-scale recording of neuronal ensembles. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 446–451 (2004).
Google Scholar
Buzsaki, G., Anastassiou, C. A. & Koch, C. The origin of extracellular fields and currents—EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13, 407–420 (2012).
Google Scholar
Scammell, T. E., Arrigoni, E. & Lipton, J. O. Neural circuitry of wakefulness and sleep. Neuron 93, 747–765 (2017).
Google Scholar
Buzsaki, G. & Draguhn, A. Neuronal oscillations in cortical networks. Science 304, 1926–1929 (2004).
Google Scholar
Weber, F. & Dan, Y. Circuit-based interrogation of sleep control. Nature 538, 51–59 (2016).
Google Scholar
Akeju, O. & Brown, E. N. Neural oscillations demonstrate that general anesthesia and sedative states are neurophysiologically distinct from sleep. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 44, 178–185 (2017).
Google Scholar
Chauvette, S., Crochet, S., Volgushev, M. & Timofeev, I. Properties of slow oscillation during slow-wave sleep and anesthesia in cats. J. Neurosci. 31, 14998–15008 (2011).
Google Scholar
Steinmetz, N. A. et al. Neuropixels 2.0: a miniaturized high-density probe for stable, long-term brain recordings. Science https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf4588 (2021).
Destexhe, A., Contreras, D. & Steriade, M. Spatiotemporal analysis of local field potentials and unit discharges in cat cerebral cortex during natural wake and sleep states. J. Neurosci. 19, 4595–4608 (1999).
Google Scholar
Buzsáki, G. Rhythms of the Brain (Oxford Univ. Press, 2006).
Magnus, C. J. et al. Ultrapotent chemogenetics for research and potential clinical applications. Science https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav5282 (2019).
Luo, L. Principles of Neurobiology 2nd edn (Garland Science, 2020).
Turecek, J., Lehnert, B. P. & Ginty, D. D. The encoding of touch by somatotopically aligned dorsal column subdivisions. Nature 612, 310–315 (2022).
Google Scholar
Eide, P. K., Vinje, V., Pripp, A. H., Mardal, K. A. & Ringstad, G. Sleep deprivation impairs molecular clearance from the human brain. Brain 144, 863–874 (2021).
Google Scholar
Miyawaki, H. & Diba, K. Regulation of hippocampal firing by network oscillations during sleep. Curr. Biol. 26, 893–902 (2016).
Google Scholar
Iliff, J. J. et al. Brain-wide pathway for waste clearance captured by contrast-enhanced MRI. J. Clin. Invest. 123, 1299–1309 (2013).
Google Scholar
Chen, R. et al. Deep brain optogenetics without intracranial surgery. Nat. Biotechnol. 39, 161–164 (2021).
Google Scholar
Marshel, J. H. et al. Cortical layer-specific critical dynamics triggering perception. Science https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw5202 (2019).
Anikeeva, P. et al. Optetrode: a multichannel readout for optogenetic control in freely moving mice. Nat. Neurosci. 15, 163–170 (2011).
Google Scholar
Harris, K. D. & Thiele, A. Cortical state and attention. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12, 509–523 (2011).
Google Scholar
Smith, A. J. & Verkman, A. S. The “glymphatic” mechanism for solute clearance in Alzheimer’s disease: game changer or unproven speculation? FASEB J. 32, 543–551 (2018).
Google Scholar
Hladky, S. B. & Barrand, M. A. The glymphatic hypothesis: the theory and the evidence. Fluids Barriers CNS 19, 9 (2022).
Google Scholar
Pulido, R. S. et al. Neuronal activity regulates blood–brain barrier efflux transport through endothelial circadian genes. Neuron 108, 937–952.e7 (2020).
Google Scholar
Holstein-Ronsbo, S. et al. Glymphatic influx and clearance are accelerated by neurovascular coupling. Nat. Neurosci. 26, 1042–1053 (2023).
Google Scholar
Massimini, M., Huber, R., Ferrarelli, F., Hill, S. & Tononi, G. The sleep slow oscillation as a traveling wave. J. Neurosci. 24, 6862–6870 (2004).
Google Scholar
Lubenov, E. V. & Siapas, A. G. Hippocampal theta oscillations are travelling waves. Nature 459, 534–539 (2009).
Google Scholar
Zhang, H. & Jacobs, J. Traveling theta waves in the human hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 35, 12477–12487 (2015).
Google Scholar
Mestre, H. et al. Aquaporin-4-dependent glymphatic solute transport in the rodent brain. eLife https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.40070 (2018).
Smith, A. J., Yao, X., Dix, J. A., Jin, B. J. & Verkman, A. S. Test of the ‘glymphatic’ hypothesis demonstrates diffusive and aquaporin-4-independent solute transport in rodent brain parenchyma. eLife https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.27679 (2017).
Pla, V. et al. A real-time in vivo clearance assay for quantification of glymphatic efflux. Cell Rep. 40, 111320 (2022).
Google Scholar
Tononi, G. & Edelman, G. M. Consciousness and complexity. Science 282, 1846–1851 (1998).
Google Scholar
Shein-Idelson, M., Ondracek, J. M., Liaw, H. P., Reiter, S. & Laurent, G. Slow waves, sharp waves, ripples, and REM in sleeping dragons. Science 352, 590–595 (2016).
Google Scholar
Yap, M. H. W. et al. Oscillatory brain activity in spontaneous and induced sleep stages in flies. Nat. Commun. 8, 1815 (2017).
Google Scholar
Leung, L. C. et al. Neural signatures of sleep in zebrafish. Nature 571, 198–204 (2019).
Google Scholar
Iaccarino, H. F. et al. Gamma frequency entrainment attenuates amyloid load and modifies microglia. Nature 540, 230–235 (2016).
Google Scholar
Martorell, A. J. et al. Multi-sensory gamma stimulation ameliorates Alzheimer’s-associated pathology and improves cognition. Cell 177, 256–271.e22 (2019).
Google Scholar
Luo, L. Architectures of neuronal circuits. Science 373, eabg7285 (2021).
Google Scholar
Drieu, A. et al. Parenchymal border macrophages regulate the flow dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid. Nature 611, 585–593 (2022).
Google Scholar
Franklin, K. B. J. & Paxinos, G. The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates 4th edn (Academic Press, 2013).
Ayloo, S. et al. Pericyte-to-endothelial cell signaling via vitronectin-integrin regulates blood–CNS barrier. Neuron 110, 1641–1655.e6 (2022).
Google Scholar
Araragi, N., Alenina, N. & Bader, M. Carbon-mixed dental cement for fixing fiber optic ferrules prevents visually triggered locomotive enhancement in mice upon optogenetic stimulation. Heliyon 8, e08692 (2022).
Google Scholar
Kass, R. E., Eden, U. T. & Brown, E. N. Analysis of Neural Data (Springer, 2014).
Kramer, M. A. & Eden, U. T. Case studies in neural data analysis: a guide for the practicing neuroscientist (The MIT Press, 2016).
Cohen, M. X. Analyzing neural time series data: theory and practice (The MIT Press, 2014).
Rossant, C. et al. Spike sorting for large, dense electrode arrays. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 634–641 (2016).
Google Scholar
Prerau, M. J., Brown, R. E., Bianchi, M. T., Ellenbogen, J. M. & Purdon, P. L. Sleep neurophysiological dynamics through the lens of multitaper spectral analysis. Physiology 32, 60–92 (2017).
Google Scholar