Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Morten E. Allentoft, Martin Sikora, Alba Refoyo-Martínez, Evan K. Irving-Pease, Anders Fischer, Andrés Ingason, Jesper Stenderup, Ruairidh Macleod, Fabrice Demeter, Rasmus A. Henriksen, Tharsika Vimala, Hugh McColl, Lasse Vinner, Gabriele Scorrano, Abigail Daisy Ramsøe, Anders Rosengren, Anthony Ruter, Anders J. Hansen, Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen, Charleen Gaunitz, Fulya Eylem Yediay, Isin Altinkaya, Lei Zhao, Peter de Barros Damgaard, Kurt H. Kjær, Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen, Rasmus Nielsen, Thomas Werge, Fernando Racimo, Kristian Kristiansen & Eske Willerslev
Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Morten E. Allentoft
Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Anders Fischer, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Bettina Schulz Paulsson, T. Douglas Price, Malou Blank & Kristian Kristiansen
Sealand Archaeology, Kalundborg, Denmark
Anders Fischer
GeoGenetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
William Barrie, Ruairidh Macleod & Eske Willerslev
Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
William Barrie, Alice Pearson, Andrew Joseph Schork, Anders Rosengren, Vivek Appadurai, Richard Durbin & Thomas Werge
Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
Andrés Ingason
Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Bárbara Sousa da Mota & Olivier Delaneau
Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Bárbara Sousa da Mota & Olivier Delaneau
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Alma Halgren, Peter H. Sudmant & Rasmus Nielsen
Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
Ruairidh Macleod
Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Ruairidh Macleod
Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Marie Louise Schjellerup Jørkov & Niels Lynnerup
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université de Paris, Musée de l’Homme, Paris, France
Fabrice Demeter
The National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
Lasse Sørensen, Poul Otto Nielsen, Morten Fischer Mortensen, Peter Rasmussen & Peter Vang Petersen
Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Ashot Margaryan, Theis Zetner Trolle Jensen, Hannes Schroeder & Enrico Cappellini
Centre for Evolutionary Hologenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Ashot Margaryan
Anthropology Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Melissa Ilardo
Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Andrew Vaughn, Aaron Stern & Peter H. Sudmant
Department of Geology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Anne Birgitte Nielsen
Tårnby Gymnasium og HF, Kastrup, Denmark
Mikkel Ulfeldt Hede
Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Niels Nørkjær Johannsen
Department of Health Technology, Section of Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Gabriel Renaud & Rikke Maring
Vendsyssel Historiske Museum, Hjørring, Denmark
Per Lysdahl & Sidsel Wåhlin
Terra Ltd., Voronezh, Russian Federation
Andrei Skorobogatov & Ruslan Turin
Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, AZ, USA
Andrew Joseph Schork
Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Alan Outram & Catriona J. McKenzie
Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Aleksey A. Timoshenko, Dmitri V. Pozdnyakov, Liudmila N. Mylnikova, Marina S. Nesterova & Vyacheslav I. Molodin
Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Alexandra Buzhilova, Natalia Berezina & Svetlana Borutskaya
Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Alfredo Coppa & Dušan Borić
Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
Alisa Zubova, Andrey Gromov & Vyacheslav Moiseyev
CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Ana Maria Silva
UNIARQ, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Ana Maria Silva & João Zilhão
Kostanay Regional University A. Baitursynov, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
Andrey Logvin & Irina Shevnina
Vesthimmerlands Museum, Aars, Denmark
Bjarne Henning Nielsen
Grupo EvoAdapta, Departamento de Ciencias Históricas, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
Borja González-Rabanal
Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
Carles Lalueza-Fox
Natural Sciences Museum of Barcelona (MCNB), Barcelona, Spain
Carles Lalueza-Fox
Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Concepción Blasco, Corina Liesau & Patricia Ríos
Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
Cristina Martinez-Labarga & Olga Rickards
Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria, Banco Santander, Gobierno de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
David Cuenca-Solana, Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti & Manuel González-Morales
Centre de Recherche en Archéologie, Archeosciences, Histoire (CReAAH), UMR-6869 CNRS, Rennes, France
David Cuenca-Solana
Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi, Georgia
David O. Lordkipanidze
Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
David O. Lordkipanidze
IPND, Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tyumen, Russian Federation
Dmitri En’shin, Olga Poshekhonova & Svetlana Skochina
Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Història Antiga, Universitat de València, València, Spain
Domingo C. Salazar-García & Joan Emili Aura Tortosa
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Domingo C. Salazar-García
Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
T. Douglas Price
Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
Dušan Borić
Institute of Humanities, Ivanovo State University, Ivanovo, Russian Federation
Elena Kostyleva
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Elizaveta V. Veselovskaya & Sergey Vasilyev
Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
Emma R. Usmanova
South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
Emma R. Usmanova
A. Kh. Khalikov Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russia
Emma R. Usmanova
Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Emma R. Usmanova
The Saxo Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Erik Brinch Petersen & Rune Iversen
Museum Østjylland, Randers, Denmark
Esben Kannegaard, Lutz Klassen & Rikke Maring
Soprintendenza Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la Città Metropolitana di Bari, Bari, Italy
Francesca Radina
UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
Henri Duday & Patrice Courtaud
A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Ilya Merts
Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Inna Potekhina
National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Kyiv, Ukraine
Inna Potekhina
Collège de France, Paris, France
Jean Guilaine
Svendborg Museum, Svendborg, Denmark
Jesper Hansen
ICREA, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
João Zilhão
ARGEA Consultores SL, Madrid, Spain
Jorge Vega & Roberto Menduiña
Museum Sydøstdanmark, Vordingborg, Denmark
Kristoffer Buck Pedersen
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Tunia & Piotr Włodarczak
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Lars Larsson
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Min. Culture, UMR 7269, LAMPEA, Maison Méditerranéenne des Sciences de l’Homme, Aix-en-Provence, France
Laure Metz
Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
Levon Yepiskoposyan
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
Levon Yepiskoposyan
HistorieUdvikler, Kalundborg, Denmark
Lisbeth Pedersen
Department of History and Cultural Heritage, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Lucia Sarti & Mauro Calattini
Centre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5500, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
Ludovic Orlando & Ludovic Slimak
Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
Mara Silvestrini
Västergötlands Museum, Skara, Sweden
Maria Vretemark
Cabinet of Anthropology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
Marina Rykun
Department of History, Humanities and Society, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
Mario Federico Rolfo
Faculty of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
Marzena Szmyt
Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Przybyła
Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
Mikhail Sablin
Department of Anthropology, Czech National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
Miluše Dobisíková
Department of Health and Nature, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
Morten Meldgaard
The Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde, Denmark
Morten Johansen & Otto Christian Uldum
Archaeology Institute, University of Highlands and Islands, Orkney, UK
Nick Card
Scientific Research Center “Baikal region”, Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
Nikolai A. Saveliev
Laboratory for Experimental Traceology, Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
Olga V. Lozovskaya
Janus Pannonius Museum, Pécs, Hungary
Olivér Gábor
Langelands Museum, Rudkøbing, Denmark
Otto Christian Uldum
Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la provincia di Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy
Paola Aurino
Paleoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Pavel Kosintsev
Department of History of the Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Pavel Kosintsev
Centre for the Study of Early Agricultural Societies, Department of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Peder Mortensen
Museum Nordsjælland, Hillerød, Denmark
Per Lotz, Søren Anker Sørensen & Thomas Jørgensen
Museum Vestsjælland, Holbæk, Denmark
Per Lotz
Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Per Persson
ArchaeoScience, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Pernille Bangsgaard
Department of History, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Pilar Prieto Martinez
Lipetsk Regional Scientific Public Organisation “Archaeological Research”, Lipetsk, Russian Federation
Roman V. Smolyaninov
Center for Egyptological Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Ruben Badalyan
Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan, Armenia
Sergey Vasilyev
Moesgaard Museum, Højbjerg, Denmark
Søren H. Andersen
Nizhny Tagil State Socio-Pedagogical Institute, Nizhny Tagil, Russia
Yuri B. Serikov
Institute for History of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Vaclav Smrcka
Centre for Archaeological Research, Toraighyrov University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
Victor Merts
Malmö Museer, Malmö, Sweden
Yvonne Magnusson
Institute of Statistical Sciences, School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Daniel J. Lawson
Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Simon Rasmussen
Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
Richard Durbin
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Thomas Werge
MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Eske Willerslev
E.W. initiated the study. M.E.A., M.S., T.S.K., R.D., R.N., O.D., T.W., F. Racimo, K.K. and E.W. led the study. M.E.A., M.S., A.F., M.M., C.L.-F., R.N., E.C., T.W., K.K. and E.W. conceptualized the study. M.E.A., M.S., H.S., L.O., T.S.K., R.D., R.N., O.D., T.W., F. Racimo, K.K. and E.W. supervised the research. M.E.A., L.O., R.D., R.N., T.W., K.H.K., K.K. and E.W. acquired funding for research. M.E.A., A.F., J.S., K.-G.S., M.L.S.J., M.U.H., A.A.T., A.C., A.Z., A.M.S., A.J.H, A.G., A.L., B.H.N., B.G.-R, C.B., C.L., C.M.-L., D.V.P., D.C.-S., D.O.L., D.E., D.C.S.-G., D.B., E.B.P., E.K., E.V.V., E.R.U., E. Kannegaard, F. Radina, H.D., I.G.-Z., I.P., I.S., J.G., J.H., J.E.A.T., J.Z., J.V., K.B.P., K.T., L.N., L.L., L.N.M., L.Y., L.P., L. Sarti, L. Slimak, L.K., M.G.-M., M. Silvestrini, M.D., M.V., M.S.N., M.R., M.S., M.P., M.C., M. Sablin, N.C., N.S., O.P., O.R., O.V.L., P.A., P.K., P.C., P. Ríos, P. Lotz, P. Lysdahl, P.M., P.P., P.B., P.d.B.D., P.V.P., P.P.M., P.W., R.V.S., R. Maring, R. Menduiña, R.B., R.T., S.V., S.W., S.B., S.S., S.A.S., S.H.A., T.D.P., T.Z.T.J., Y.B.S., V.I.M., V.S., V.M., Y.M., I.M., O.G. and N.L. were involved in sample collection. M.E.A., M.S., A.R.-M., E.K.I.-P., W.B., A.I., J.S., A.P., B.S.d.M., M.I., M.M., L.V., A. Stern, C.G., F.E.Y, D.J.L., T.S.K., R.D., R.N., O.D., F. Racimo, K.H.K. and E.W. were involved in developing and applying methodology. M.E.A., J.S., C.G. and L.V. led the DNA laboratory work research component. K.-G.S., A.F. and M.E.A. led bioarchaeological data curation. M.E.A., M.S., A.R.-M., E.K.I.-P., W.B., A.I., A.P., B.S.d.M., B.S.P., A.H., R.A.H., T.V., H.M., A.M., A.V., A.B.N., P. Rasmussen, G.R., A. D. Ramsøe, A. Skorobogatov, A. J. Schork, A. Rosengren, C.J.M., I.A., L.Z., R. Maring, V.S., V.A., P.H.S., S.R., T.S.K., O.D. and F. Racimo undertook formal analyses of data. M.E.A., M.S., A.R.-M., E.K.I.-P., A.F., W.B., A.I., K.-G.S., R. Macleod, D.J.L., P.H.S., T.S.K., F. Racimo and E.W. drafted the main text (M.E.A. and M.S. led this). M.E.A., M.S., A.R.-M., E.K.I.-P., A.F., W.B., A.I., K.-G.S., A.P., B.S.d.M., B.S.P., A.H., R. Macleod, R.A.H., T.V., M.F.M., A.B.N., M.U.H., P. Rasmussen, A. J. Stern, N.N.J., H.S., G.S., A. Ramsøe, A. Skorobogatov, A. Rosengren, A.O., A.B., A.C., A.G., A.L., A.B.G., C.J.M., D.C.S.-G., E.B.P., E. Kostyleva, E.R.U., E. Kannegaard, I.G.-Z., I.P., I.S., J.G., J.H., J.E.A.T., K.H.K., L.Z, L.Y., L.P., L.K., M.B., M.G.-M., M.V., M.R., M.J., N.B., O.V.L., O.C.U., P.K., P. Lysdahl, P.B., P.W., R.V.S., R. Maring, R.B., R.I., S.V., S.W., S.B., S.H.A., T.Z.T.J., V.S., D.J.L., P.H.S., S.R., T.S.K., O.D. and F. Racimo drafted supplementary notes and materials. M.E.A., M.S., A.R.-M., E.K.I.-P., A.F., W.B., A.I., G.S., A.H., M.L.S.J., F.D., R. Macleod, L. Sørensen, P.O.N., R.A.H., T.V., H.M., A.M., N.N.J., H.S., A. Ramsøe, A. Skorobogatov, A. J. Schork, A. Ruter, A.O., B.H.N., B.G.-R., D.C.-S., D.C.S.-G., I.G.-Z., I.P., J.G., J.E.A.T., L.Z., L.O., L.K., M.G.-M., P.d.B.D., R.I., S.A.S., D.J.L., I.M., O.G., P.H.S., T.S.K., R.D., R.N., O.D., T.W., F. Racimo, K.K. and E.W. were involved in reviewing drafts and editing (M.E.A., M.S., A.F., K.-G.S., R. Macleod and E.W. led this, and subsequent finalization of the study). All co-authors read, commented on and agreed on the submitted manuscript.
