Mcleod, E. et al. A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2. Front. Ecol. Environ. 9, 552–560 (2011).
Temmerman, S. et al. Ecosystem-based coastal defence in the face of global change. Nature 504, 79–83 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kirwan, M. L. & Megonigal, J. P. Tidal wetland stability in the face of human impacts and sea-level rise. Nature 504, 53–60 (2013).
Google Scholar
Barbier, E. B. et al. The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services. Ecol. Monogr. 81, 169–193 (2011).
Watson, E. B. et al. Wetland loss patterns and inundation-productivity relationships prognosticate widespread salt marsh loss for southern New England. Estuaries Coasts 40, 662–681 (2017).
Google Scholar
Deis, D. R., Mendelssohn, I. A., Fleeger, J. W., Bourgoin, S. M. & Lin, Q. Legacy effects of Hurricane Katrina influenced marsh shoreline erosion following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Sci. Total Environ. 672, 456–467 (2019).
Google Scholar
Bromberg, K. D. & Bertness, M. D. Reconstructing New England salt marsh losses using historical maps. Estuaries 28, 823–832 (2005).
Saintilan, N., Wilson, N. C., Rogers, K., Rajkaran, A. & Krauss, K. W. Mangrove expansion and salt marsh decline at mangrove poleward limits. Glob. Change Biol. 20, 147–157 (2014).
Mcowen, C. J. et al. A global map of saltmarshes. Biodivers. Data J. 5, e11764 (2017).
Davidson, N. C. How much wetland has the world lost? Long-term and recent trends in global wetland area. Mar. Freshwater Res. 65, 934–941 (2014).
Deegan, L. A. et al. Coastal eutrophication as a driver of salt marsh loss. Nature 490, 388–392 (2012).
Google Scholar
Kirwan, M. L., Murray, A. B., Donnelly, J. P. & Corbett, D. R. Rapid wetland expansion during European settlement and its implication for marsh survival under modern sediment delivery rates. Geology 39, 507–510 (2011).
Schieder, N. W., Walters, D. C. & Kirwan, M. L. Massive upland to wetland conversion compensated for historical marsh loss in Chesapeake Bay, USA. Estuaries Coasts 41, 940–951 (2018).
White, E. E.Jr, Ury, E. A., Bernhardt, E. S. & Yang, X. Climate change driving widespread loss of coastal forested wetlands throughout the North American coastal plain. Ecosystems 25, 812–827 (2022).
Schuerch, M. et al. Future response of global coastal wetlands to sea-level rise. Nature 561, 231–234 (2018).
Google Scholar
Murray, N. J. et al. The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats. Nature 565, 222–225 (2019).
Google Scholar
Goldberg, L., Lagomasino, D., Thomas, N. & Fatoyinbo, T. Global declines in human-driven mangrove loss. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 5844–5855 (2020).
Lagomasino, D. et al. Measuring mangrove carbon loss and gain in deltas. Environ. Res. Lett. 14, 08302 (2019).
Lyons, B. et al. Mapping the world’s coral reefs using a global multiscale earth observation framework. Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv. 6, 557–568 (2020).
Dahl, T. E. Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States 2004 to 2009 (U.S. Department of the Interior, 2011).
Darrah, S. E. et al. Improvements to the Wetland Extent Trends (WET) index as a tool for monitoring natural and human-made wetlands. Ecol. Ind. 99, 294–298 (2019).
Macreadie, P. I. et al. Blue carbon as a natural climate solution. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 2, 826–839 (2021).
Google Scholar
Richards, D. R., Thompson, B. S. & Wijedasa, L. Quantifying net loss of global mangrove carbon stocks from 20 years of land cover change. Nat. Commun. 11, 4260 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bunting, P. et al. The global mangrove watch—a new 2010 global baseline of mangrove extent. Remote Sens. 10, 1669 (2018).
Overduin, P. P. et al. Coastal changes in the Arctic. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 388, 103–129 (2014).
Barras, J. A. Satellite Images and Aerial Photographs of the Effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on Coastal Louisiana, Data Series 281 (U.S. Geological Survey, 2007).
Adame, M. F. et al. Future carbon emissions from global mangrove forest loss. Glob. Change Biol. 27, 2856–2866 (2021).
Google Scholar
Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority of Louisiana. Louisiana’s Comprehensive Master Plan for a Sustainable Coast (Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority of Louisiana, 2017).
Sweet, W. V. et al. Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States, no. CO-OPS 083 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2017).
Peck, E. K., Wheatcroft, R. A. & Brophy, L. S. Controls on sediment accretion and blue carbon burial in tidal saline wetlands: insights from the Oregon Coast, USA. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 125, e2019JG005464 (2020).
Chen, G. et al. Spatiotemporal mapping of salt marshes in the intertidal zone of China during 1985–2019. J. Remote Sens. 2022, 9793626 (2022).
Laengner, M. L., Siteur, K. & van der Wal, D. Trends in the seaward extent of saltmarshes across Europe from long-term satellite data. Remote Sens. 11, 1653 (2019).
Doughty, C. L. et al. Mangrove range expansion rapidly increases coastal wetland carbon storage. Estuaries Coasts 39, 385–396 (2016).
Google Scholar
Vaughn, D. R., Bianchi, T. S., Shields, M. R., Kenney, W. F. & Osborne, T. Z. Increased organic carbon burial in northern Florida mangrove‐salt marsh transition zones. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 34, e2019GB006334 (2020).
Google Scholar
Kirwan, M. L., Temmerman, S., Skeehan, E. E., Guntenspergen, G. R. & Fagherazzi, S. Overestimation of marsh vulnerability to sea level rise. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 253–260 (2016).
Saintilan, N. et al. Thresholds of mangrove survival under rapid sea level rise. Science 368, 1118–1121 (2020).
Google Scholar
Yando, E. S., Osland, M. J., Jones, S. F. & Hester, M. W. Jump‐starting coastal wetland restoration: a comparison of marsh and mangrove foundation species. Restor. Ecol. 27, 1145–1154 (2019).
Pendleton, L. et al. Estimating global “blue carbon” emissions from conversion and degradation of vegetated coastal ecosystems. PLoS ONE 7, e43542 (2012).
Google Scholar
Murray, N. J. et al. High-resolution mapping of losses and gains of Earth’s tidal wetlands. Science 376, 744–749 (2022).
Google Scholar
Yang, X. et al. Detection and characterization of coastal tidal wetland change in the northeastern US using Landsat time series. Remote Sens. Environ. 276, 113047 (2022).
Macreadie, P. I. et al. The future of Blue Carbon science. Nat. Commun. 10, 3998 (2019).
Google Scholar
Steinmuller, H. E., Dittmer, K. M., White, J. R. & Chambers, L. G. Understanding the fate of soil organic matter in submerging coastal wetland soils: a microcosm approach. Geoderma 337, 1267–1277 (2019).
Google Scholar
Rogers, K. et al. Wetland carbon storage controlled by millennial-scale variation in relative sea-level rise. Nature 567, 91–95 (2019).
Google Scholar
Cui, L. et al. Dynamics of labile soil organic carbon during the development of mangrove and salt marsh ecosystems. Ecol. Indic. 129, 107875 (2021).
Google Scholar
Yang, W. et al. Seawall construction alters soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics and soil microbial biomass in an invasive Spartina alterniflora salt marsh in eastern China. Appl. Soil Ecol. 110, 1–11 (2017).
Google Scholar
United Nations (UN). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf (United Nations, 2015).
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Paris Agreement (Climate Change Secretariat, 2015).
Gomez-Echeverri, L. Climate and development: enhancing impact through stronger linkages in the implementation of the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 376, 20160444 (2018).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds Shukla, P. R. et al.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2022).
Lopes, C. L., Mendes, R., Caçador, I. & Dias, J. M. Assessing salt marsh extent and condition changes with 35 years of Landsat imagery: Tagus Estuary case study. Remote Sens. Environ. 247, 111939 (2020).
Sun, C., Fagherazzi, S. & Liu, Y. Classification mapping of salt marsh vegetation by flexible monthly NDVI time-series using Landsat imagery. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 213, 61–80 (2018).
Doughty, C. L. & Cavanaugh, K. C. Mapping coastal wetland biomass from high resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery. Remote Sens. 11, 540 (2019).
Jensen, J. R., Olson, G., Schill, S. R., Porter, D. E. & Morris, J. Remote sensing of biomass, leaf‐area‐index, and chlorophyll a and b content in the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve using sub‐meter digital camera imagery. Geocarto Int. 17, 27–36 (2002).
Lumbierres, M., Méndez, P. F., Bustamante, J., Soriguer, R. & Santamaría, L. Modeling biomass production in seasonal wetlands using MODIS NDVI land surface phenology. Remote Sens. 9, 392 (2017).
Myers-Smith, I. H. et al. Complexity revealed in the greening of the Arctic. Nat. Clim. Change 10, 106–117 (2020).
Lagomasino, D. et al. Storm surge and ponding explain mangrove dieback in southwest Florida following Hurricane Irma. Nat. Commun. 12, 4003 (2021).
Google Scholar
Buffington, K. J., Dugger, B. D. & Thorne, K. M. Climate-related variation in plant peak biomass and growth phenology across Pacific Northwest tidal marshes. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 202, 212–221 (2018).
Byrd, K. B. et al. A remote sensing-based model of tidal marsh aboveground carbon stocks for the conterminous United States. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 139, 255–271 (2018).
Camps-Valls, G. et al. A unified vegetation index for quantifying the terrestrial biosphere. Sci. Adv. 7, eabc7447 (2021).
Google Scholar
O’Donnell, J. P. & Schalles, J. F. Examination of abiotic drivers and their influence on Spartina alterniflora biomass over a twenty-eight year period using Landsat 5 TM satellite imagery of the Central Georgia Coast. Remote Sens. 8, 477 (2016).
Taillie, P. J. et al. Widespread mangrove damage resulting from the 2017 Atlantic mega hurricane season. Environ. Res. Lett. 15, 064010 (2020).
Lagomasino, D. et al. Measuring mangrove carbon loss and gain in deltas. Environ. Res. Lett. 14, 025002 (2019).
Zhang, C., Durgan, S. D. & Lagomasino, D. Modeling risk of mangroves to tropical cyclones: a case study of Hurricane Irma. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 224, 108–116 (2019).
Mondal, P., Dutta, T., Qadir, A. & Sharma, S. Radar and optical remote sensing for near real‐time assessments of cyclone impacts on coastal ecosystems. Remote. Sens. Ecol. Conserv. 8, 506–520 (2022).
Google Scholar
Crotty, S. M. et al. Sea-level rise and the emergence of a keystone grazer alter the geomorphic evolution and ecology of southeast US salt marshes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 117, 17891–17902 (2020).
Google Scholar
Courtemanche, R. P. Jr, Hester, M. W. & Mendelssohn, I. A. Recovery of a Louisiana barrier island marsh plant community following extensive hurricane-induced overwash. J. Coast. Res. 15, 872–883 (1999).
Ewanchuk, P. J. & Bertness, M. D. Recovery of a northern New England salt marsh plant community from winter icing. Oecologia 136, 616–626 (2003).
Google Scholar
Flynn, K. M., McKee, K. L. & Mendelssohn, I. A. Recovery of freshwater marsh vegetation after a saltwater intrusion event. Oecologia 103, 63–72 (1995).
Google Scholar
Olofsson, P., Foody, G. M., Stehman, S. V. & Woodcock, C. E. Making better use of accuracy data in land change studies: estimating accuracy and area and quantifying uncertainty using stratified estimation. Remote Sens. Environ. 129, 122–131 (2013).
Hansen, M. C. et al. Global land use extent and dispersion within natural land cover using Landsat data. Environ. Res. Lett. 17, 034050 (2022).
Cowardin, L. M., Carter, V., Golet, F. C. & LaRoe, E. T. Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (U.S. Department of the Interior, 1979).
Viswanathan, C. et al. Salt marsh vegetation in India: species composition, distribution, zonation pattern and conservation implications. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 242, 106792 (2020).
Edmund, H., Chamberlain, S., & Ram, K. Package ‘rnoaa’ (2014).
Cleveland, R. B., Cleveland, W. S., McRae, J. E. & Terpenning, I. STL: a seasonal-trend decomposition procedure based on loess. J. Off. Stat. 6, 3–73 (1990).
Landsea, C., Franklin, J. & Beven, J. The Revised Atlantic Hurricane Database (HURDAT2). https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/hurdat/hurdat2-1851-2019-052520.txt (NOAA/NHC, 2015).
Wickham, H. et al. Welcome to the Tidyverse. J. Open Source Softw. 4, 1686 (2019).
QGIS Development Team. QGIS Geographic Information System 3.12.2 (Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project, 2020).
Gong, P. Annual maps of global artificial impervious area (GAIA) between 1985 and 2018. Remote Sens. Environ. 236, 111510 (2020).
Thomas, N. et al. High-resolution mapping of biomass and distribution of marsh and forested wetlands in southeastern coastal Louisiana. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 80, 257–267 (2019).
Byrd, K. B. et al. Corrigendum to “A remote sensing-based model of tidal marsh aboveground carbon stocks for the conterminous United States” [ISPRS J. Photogram. Rem. Sens. 139 (2018) 255–271]. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 166, 63–67 (2020).
Wang, F. et al. Global blue carbon accumulation in tidal wetlands increases with climate change. Natl Sci. Rev. 8, nwaa296 (2021).
Google Scholar
Hengl, T. et al. SoilGrids250m: global gridded soil information based on machine learning. PLoS ONE 12, e0169748 (2017).
Google Scholar
Coastal Carbon Research Coordination Network (CCRCN). Coastal Carbon Atlas. https://ccrcn.shinyapps.io/CoastalCarbonAtlas (2019).
Alongi, D. Carbon balance in salt marsh and mangrove ecosystems: a global synthesis. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 8, 767 (2020).
Duarte, C. M., Middelburg, J. J. & Caraco, N. Major role of marine vegetation on the oceanic carbon cycle. Biogeosciences 2, 1–8 (2005).
Google Scholar
Woodwell, G. M., Rich, P. H. & Hall, C. in Brookhaven Symposia in Biology, Vol. 24 221–240 (Brookhaven National Laboratory, 1973).