Palot, M., Pearson, D. G., Stern, R. A., Stachel, T. & Harris, J. W. Isotopic constraints on the nature and circulation of deep mantle C–H–O–N fluids: carbon and nitrogen systematics within ultra-deep diamonds from Kankan (Guinea). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 139, 26–46 (2014).
Google Scholar
Stachel, T. Diamonds from the asthenosphere and the transition zone. Eur. J. Miner. 13, 883–892 (2001).
Google Scholar
Walter, M. J. et al. Primary carbonatite melt from deeply subducted oceanic crust. Nature 454, 622–625 (2008).
Google Scholar
Harte, B., Harris, J. W., Hutchison, M. T., Watt, G. R. & Wilding, M. C. in Mantle Petrology: Field Observations and High Pressure Experimentation: A Tribute to Francis R. (Joe) Boyd (eds Fei, Y., Bertka, C. M. & Mysen, B. O.) 125–153 (The Geochemical Society, 1999).
Stachel, T., Harris, J. W., Brey, G. P. & Joswig, W. Kankan diamonds (Guinea) II: lower mantle inclusion parageneses. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 140, 16–27 (2000).
Google Scholar
Smith, E. M. et al. Blue boron-bearing diamonds from Earth’s lower mantle. Nature 560, 84–87 (2018).
Google Scholar
Stachel, T., Harris, J. W., Aulbach, S. & Deines, P. Kankan diamonds (Guinea) III: δ13C and nitrogen characteristics of deep diamonds. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 142, 465–475 (2002).
Google Scholar
Regier, M. E. et al. The lithospheric-to-lower-mantle carbon cycle recorded in superdeep diamonds. Nature 585, 234–238 (2020).
Google Scholar
Thomson, A. R., Walter, M. J., Kohn, S. C. & Brooker, R. A. Slab melting as a barrier to deep carbon subduction. Nature 529, 76–79 (2016).
Google Scholar
Dasgupta, R. & Hirschmann, M. M. The deep carbon cycle and melting in Earth’s interior. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 298, 1–13 (2010).
Google Scholar
Ringwood, A. E. Phase transformations and differentiation in subducted lithosphere: implications for mantle dynamics, basalt petrogenesis, and crustal evolution. J. Geol. 90, 611–643 (1982).
Google Scholar
Brey, G. P., Bulatov, V., Girnis, A., Harris, J. W. & Stachel, T. Ferropericlase—a lower mantle phase in the upper mantle. Lithos 77, 655–663 (2004).
Google Scholar
Nestola, F. et al. New accurate elastic parameters for the forsterite-fayalite solid solution. Am. Mineral. 96, 1742–1747 (2011).
Google Scholar
Poe, B. T., Romano, C., Nestola, F. & Smyth, J. R. Electrical conductivity anisotropy of dry and hydrous olivine at 8 GPa. Phys. Earth Planet. In. 181, 103–111 (2010).
Google Scholar
Nestola, F. et al. First crystal structure determination of olivine in diamond: composition and implications for provenance in the Earth’s mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 305, 249–255 (2011).
Google Scholar
Angel, R. J., Alvaro, M. & Nestola, F. 40 years of mineral elasticity: a critical review and a new parameterisation of equations of state for mantle olivines and diamond inclusions. Phys. Chem. Mineral. 45, 95–113 (2018).
Google Scholar
Angel, R. J., Alvaro, M., Nestola, F. & Mazzucchelli, M. L. Diamond thermoelastic properties and implications for determining the pressure of formation of diamond–inclusion systems. Russian Geol. Geophys. 56, 211–220 (2015).
Google Scholar
Angel, R. J., Mazzucchelli, M. L., Alvaro, M. & Nestola, F. EosFit-Pinc: a simple GUI for host–inclusion elastic thermobarometry. Am. Mineral. 102, 1957–1960 (2017).
Google Scholar
Katsura, T., Yoneda, A., Yamazaki, D., Yoshino, T. & Ito, E. Adiabatic temperature profile in the mantle. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 183, 212–218 (2010).
Google Scholar
Hasterok, D. & Chapman, D. S. Heat production and geotherms for the continental lithosphere. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 307, 59–70 (2011).
Google Scholar
Cayzer, N. J., Odake, S., Harte, B. & Kagi, H. Plastic deformation of lower mantle diamonds by inclusion phase transformations. Eur. J. Mineral. 20, 333–339 (2008).
Google Scholar
Wood, B. J. Phase transformations and partitioning relations in peridotite under lower mantle conditions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 174, 341–354 (2000).
Google Scholar
Davies, R. M., Griffin, W. L., O’Reilly, S. Y. & Doyle, B. J. Mineral inclusions and geochemical characteristics of microdiamonds from the DO27, A154, A21, A418, DO18, DD17 and Ranch Lake kimberlites at Lac de Gras, Slave Craton, Canada. Lithos 77, 39–55 (2004).
Google Scholar
Kaminsky, F. V. et al. Superdeep diamonds from the Juina area, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 140, 734–753 (2001).
Tappert, R., Stachel, T., Harris, J. W., Shimizu, N. & Brey, G. P. Mineral inclusions in diamonds from the Panda kimberlite, Slave province, Canada. Eur. J. Miner. 17, 423–440 (2005).
Google Scholar
Hayman, P. C., Kopylova, M. G. & Kaminsky, F. V. Lower mantle diamonds from Rio Soriso (Juina area, Mato Grosso, Brazil). Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 149, 430–445 (2005).
Regier, M. E. et al. An oxygen isotope test for the origin of Archean mantle roots. Geochemical Perspect. Lett. 9, 6–10 (2018).
Google Scholar
Vance, J. A. & Dungan, M. A. Formation of peridotites by deserpentinization in the Darrington and Sultan areas, Cascade Mountains, Washington. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 88, 1497–1508 (1977).
Google Scholar
Kitamura, M., Shen, B., Banno, S. & Morimoto, N. Fine textures of laihunite, a nonstoichiometric distorted olivine-type mineral. Am. Mineral. 69, 154–160 (1984).
Google Scholar
Blondes, M. S., Brandon, M. T., Reiners, P. W., Page, F. Z. & Kita, N. T. Generation of forsteritic olivine (Fo99·8) by subsolidus oxidation in basaltic flows. J. Petrol. 53, 971–984 (2012).
Google Scholar
Frost, D. J. & McCammon, C. A. The redox state of Earth’s mantle. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 36, 389–420 (2008).
Google Scholar
Shahar, A. et al. High-temperature Si isotope fractionation between iron metal and silicate. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 75, 7688–7697 (2011).
Google Scholar
Schmidt, M. W., Gao, C., Golubkova, A., Rohrbach, A. & Connolly, J. A. Natural moissanite (SiC) – a low temperature mineral formed from highly fractionated ultra-reducing COH-fluids. Prog. Earth Planet. Sci. 1, 27 (2014).
Google Scholar
Rohrbach, A. & Schmidt, M. W. Redox freezing and melting in the Earth’s deep mantle resulting from carbon–iron redox coupling. Nature 472, 209–212 (2011).
Google Scholar
Ryabchikov, I. D. & Kaminsky, F. V. Oxygen potential of diamond formation in the lower mantle. Geol. Ore Depos. 55, 1–12 (2013).
Google Scholar
McCammon, C. A., Stachel, T. & Harris, J. W. Iron oxidation state in lower mantle mineral assemblages II. Inclusions in diamonds from Kankan, Guinea. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 222, 423–434 (2004).
Google Scholar
Otsuka, K., Longo, M., McCammon, C. A. & Karato, S. Ferric iron content of ferropericlase as a function of composition, oxygen fugacity, temperature and pressure: implications for redox conditions during diamond formation in the lower mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 365, 7–16 (2013).
Google Scholar
Shirey, S. B., Wagner, L. S., Walter, M. J., Pearson, D. G. & van Keken, P. E. Slab transport of fluids to deep focus earthquake depths – thermal modeling constraints and evidence from diamonds. AGU Adv. 2, e2020AV000304 (2021).
Google Scholar
Van der Hist, R., Engdahl, R., Spakman, W. & Nolet, G. Tomographic imaging of subducted lithosphere below northwest Pacific island arcs. Nature 353, 37–43 (1991).
Google Scholar
Billen, M. I. Deep slab seismicity limited by rate of deformation in the transition zone. Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz7692 (2020).
Google Scholar
Pearson, D. G. et al. Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond. Nature 507, 221–224 (2014).
Google Scholar
Zhu, F., Li, J., Liu, J., Dong, J. & Liu, Z. Metallic iron limits silicate hydration in Earth’s transition zone. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 116, 22526–22530 (2019).
Google Scholar
Van der Meer, D. G., van Hinsbergen, D. J. J. & Spakman, W. Atlas of the underworld: slab remnants in the mantle, their sinking history, and a new outlook on lower mantle viscosity. Tectonophysics 723, 309–448 (2018).
Google Scholar
Harte, B. Diamond formation in the deep mantle: the record of mineral inclusions and their distribution in relation to mantle dehydration zones. Miner. Mag. 74, 189–215 (2010).
Google Scholar
Moussallam, Y. et al. Mantle plumes are oxidised. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 527, 115798 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kaminsky, F. V. et al. Oxidation potential in the Earth’s lower mantle as recorded by ferropericlase inclusions in diamond. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 417, 49–56 (2015).
Google Scholar
Kiseeva, E. S. et al. Oxidized iron in garnets from the mantle transition zone. Nat. Geosci. 11, 144–147 (2018).
Google Scholar
Kawamoto, T. Hydrous phase stability and partial melt chemistry in H2O-saturated KLB-1 peridotite up to the uppermost lower mantle conditions. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 143, 387–395 (2004).
Google Scholar
Wenz, M. D. et al. Fast identification of mineral inclusions in diamond at GSECARS using synchrotron X-ray microtomography, radiography and diffraction. J. Synchrotron Radiat. 26, 1763–1768 (2019).
Google Scholar
Golubkova, A., Schmidt, M. W. & Connolly, J. A. D. Ultra-reducing conditions in average mantle peridotites and in podiform chromitites: a thermodynamic model for moissanite (SiC) formation. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 171, 41 (2016).
Holland, T. J. B. & Powell, R. An improved and extended internally consistent thermodynamic dataset for phases of petrological interest, involving a new equation of state for solids. J. Metamorph. Geol. 29, 333–383 (2011).
Google Scholar
Smith, E. M. et al. Heavy iron in large gem diamonds traces deep subduction of serpentinized ocean floor. Sci. Adv. 7, eabe9773 (2021).
Google Scholar
Fichtner, C. E., Schmidt, M. W., Liebske, C., Bouvier, A. S. & Baumgartner, L. P. Carbon partitioning between metal and silicate melts during Earth accretion. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 554, 116659 (2021).
Wade, J. & Wood, B. J. Core formation and the oxidation state of the Earth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 236, 78–95 (2005).