Qi, C. C. et al. Interaction of basolateral amygdala, ventral hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex regulates the consolidation and extinction of social fear. Behav. Brain Funct. 14, 7 (2018).
Google Scholar
Martinez, M., Calvo‐Torrent, A. & Pico‐Alfonso, M. A. Social defeat and subordination as models of social stress in laboratory rodents: a review. Aggress. Behav. 24, 241–256 (1998).
Schlund, M. W. et al. Human social defeat and approach-avoidance: escalating social-evaluative threat and threat of aggression increases social avoidance. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 115, 157–184 (2021).
Google Scholar
Banks, R. ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education (ERIC Development Team, 1997).
Huhman, K. L. et al. Conditioned defeat in male and female Syrian hamsters. Horm. Behav. 44, 293–299 (2003).
Google Scholar
Markham, C. M., Taylor, S. L. & Huhman, K. L. Role of amygdala and hippocampus in the neural circuit subserving conditioned defeat in Syrian hamsters. Learn. Mem. 17, 109–116 (2010).
Google Scholar
Day, D. E., Cooper, M. A., Markham, C. M. & Huhman, K. L. NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor in the basolateral amygdala is necessary for the acquisition of conditioned defeat in Syrian hamsters. Behav. Brain Res. 217, 55–59 (2011).
Google Scholar
Markham, C. M., Luckett, C. A. & Huhman, K. L. The medial prefrontal cortex is both necessary and sufficient for the acquisition of conditioned defeat. Neuropharmacology 62, 933–939 (2012).
Google Scholar
Sakurai, K. et al. Capturing and manipulating activated neuronal ensembles with CANE delineates a hypothalamic social–fear circuit. Neuron 92, 739–753 (2016).
Google Scholar
Silva, B. A. et al. Independent hypothalamic circuits for social and predator fear. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 1731–1733 (2013).
Google Scholar
Wang, L. et al. Hypothalamic control of conspecific self-defense. Cell Rep. 26, 1747–1758.e5 (2019).
Google Scholar
Diaz, V. & Lin, D. Neural circuits for coping with social defeat. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 60, 99–107 (2020).
Google Scholar
Krzywkowski, P., Penna, B. & Gross, C. T. Dynamic encoding of social threat and spatial context in the hypothalamus. eLife 9, e57148 (2020).
Google Scholar
Newman, S. W. The medial extended amygdala in male reproductive behavior. A node in the mammalian social behavior network. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 877, 242–257 (1999).
Google Scholar
Lin, D. et al. Functional identification of an aggression locus in the mouse hypothalamus. Nature 470, 221–226 (2011).
Google Scholar
Toth, I. & Neumann, I. D. Animal models of social avoidance and social fear. Cell Tissue Res. 354, 107–118 (2013).
Google Scholar
Nasanbuyan, N. et al. Oxytocin–oxytocin receptor systems facilitate social defeat posture in male mice. Endocrinology 159, 763–775 (2018).
Google Scholar
Lee, H. et al. Scalable control of mounting and attack by Esr1+ neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus. Nature 509, 627–632 (2014).
Google Scholar
Hashikawa, K. et al. Esr1+ cells in the ventromedial hypothalamus control female aggression. Nat. Neurosci. 20, 1580–1590 (2017).
Google Scholar
Isosaka, T. et al. Htr2a-expressing cells in the central amygdala control the hierarchy between innate and learned fear. Cell 163, 1153–1164 (2015).
Google Scholar
Mahn, M. et al. High-efficiency optogenetic silencing with soma-targeted anion-conducting channelrhodopsins. Nat. Commun. 9, 4125 (2018).
Google Scholar
Armbruster, B. N., Li, X., Pausch, M. H., Herlitze, S. & Roth, B. L. Evolving the lock to fit the key to create a family of G protein-coupled receptors potently activated by an inert ligand. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 5163–5168 (2007).
Google Scholar
Thompson, K. J. et al. DREADD agonist 21 is an effective agonist for muscarinic-based DREADDs in vitro and in vivo. ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci. 1, 61–72 (2018).
Google Scholar
Liao, P. Y., Chiu, Y. M., Yu, J. H. & Chen, S. K. Mapping central projection of oxytocin neurons in unmated mice using Cre and alkaline phosphatase reporter. Front. Neuroanat. 14, 559402 (2020).
Google Scholar
Rhodes, C. H., Morrell, J. I. & Pfaff, D. W. Immunohistochemical analysis of magnocellular elements in rat hypothalamus: distribution and numbers of cells containing neurophysin, oxytocin, and vasopressin. J. Comp. Neurol. 198, 45–64 (1981).
Google Scholar
Castel, M. & Morris, J. F. The neurophysin-containing innervation of the forebrain of the mouse. Neuroscience 24, 937–966 (1988).
Google Scholar
Ludwig, M. Dendritic release of vasopressin and oxytocin. J. Neuroendocrinol. 10, 881–895 (1998).
Google Scholar
Pow, D. V. & Morris, J. F. Dendrites of hypothalamic magnocellular neurons release neurohypophysial peptides by exocytosis. Neuroscience 32, 435–439 (1989).
Google Scholar
Kim, D.-W. Multimodal Analysis of Cell Types in a Hypothalamic Node Controlling Social Behavior in Mice. PhD thesis, California Institute of Technology (2020).
Klapoetke, N. C. et al. Independent optical excitation of distinct neural populations. Nat. Methods 11, 338–346 (2014).
Google Scholar
Yamaguchi, T. et al. Posterior amygdala regulates sexual and aggressive behaviors in male mice. Nat. Neurosci. 23, 1111–1124 (2020).
Google Scholar
Stagkourakis, S., Spigolon, G., Liu, G. & Anderson, D. J. Experience-dependent plasticity in an innate social behavior is mediated by hypothalamic LTP. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 25789–25799 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zha, X. et al. VMHvl-projecting Vglut1+ neurons in the posterior amygdala gate territorial aggression. Cell Rep. 31, 107517 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bekkers, J. M. Changes in dendritic axial resistance alter synaptic integration in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Biophys. J. 100, 1198–1206 (2011).
Google Scholar
Malinow, R. & Miller, J. P. Postsynaptic hyperpolarization during conditioning reversibly blocks induction of long-term potentiation. Nature 320, 529–530 (1986).
Google Scholar
Saito, M. et al. Diphtheria toxin receptor-mediated conditional and targeted cell ablation in transgenic mice. Nat. Biotechnol. 19, 746–750 (2001).
Google Scholar
Froemke, R. C. & Young, L. J. Oxytocin, neural plasticity, and social behavior. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 44, 359–381 (2021).
Google Scholar
Zoicas, I., Slattery, D. A. & Neumann, I. D. Brain oxytocin in social fear conditioning and its extinction: involvement of the lateral septum. Neuropsychopharmacology 39, 3027–3035 (2014).
Google Scholar
Williams, A. V. et al. Social approach and social vigilance are differentially regulated by oxytocin receptors in the nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychopharmacology 45, 1423–1430 (2020).
Google Scholar
Menon, R. et al. Oxytocin signaling in the lateral septum prevents social fear during lactation. Curr. Biol. 28, 1066–1078.e6 (2018).
Google Scholar
Guzman, Y. F. et al. Fear-enhancing effects of septal oxytocin receptors. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 1185–1187 (2013).
Google Scholar
Duque-Wilckens, N. et al. Extrahypothalamic oxytocin neurons drive stress-induced social vigilance and avoidance. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 26406–26413 (2020).
Google Scholar
Carcea, I. et al. Oxytocin neurons enable social transmission of maternal behaviour. Nature 596, 553–557 (2021).
Google Scholar
Yu, H. et al. Social touch-like tactile stimulation activates a tachykinin 1–oxytocin pathway to promote social interactions. Neuron 110, 1051–1067.e7 (2022).
Google Scholar
Tang, Y. et al. Social touch promotes interfemale communication via activation of parvocellular oxytocin neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 23, 1125–1137 (2020).
Google Scholar
Resendez, S. L. et al. Social stimuli induce activation of oxytocin neurons within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to promote social behavior in male mice. J. Neurosci. 40, 2282–2295 (2020).
Google Scholar
Erdozain, A. M. & Penagarikano, O. Oxytocin as treatment for social cognition, not there yet. Front. Psychiatry 10, 930 (2020).
Google Scholar
Daigle, T. L. et al. A suite of transgenic driver and reporter mouse lines with enhanced brain-cell-type targeting and functionality. Cell 174, 465–480.e22 (2018).
Google Scholar
Vong, L. et al. Leptin action on GABAergic neurons prevents obesity and reduces inhibitory tone to POMC neurons. Neuron 71, 142–154 (2011).
Google Scholar
Lee, H. J., Caldwell, H. K., Macbeth, A. H., Tolu, S. G. & Young, W. S. 3rd A conditional knockout mouse line of the oxytocin receptor. Endocrinology 149, 3256–3263 (2008).
Google Scholar
Madisen, L. et al. A robust and high-throughput Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain. Nat. Neurosci. 13, 133–140 (2010).
Google Scholar
Franklin, K. B. J. & Paxinos, G. Paxinos and Franklin’s The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 4th edn (Academic Press, 2013).
Osborne, J. E. & Dudman, J. T. RIVETS: a mechanical system for in vivo and in vitro electrophysiology and imaging. PLoS ONE 9, e89007 (2014).
Google Scholar
Mathis, A. et al. DeepLabCut: markerless pose estimation of user-defined body parts with deep learning. Nat. Neurosci. 21, 1281–1289 (2018).
Google Scholar
Yin, L. et al. VMHvllCckar cells dynamically control female sexual behaviors over the reproductive cycle. Neuron 110, 3000–3017.e8 (2022).
Google Scholar
Wong, L. C. et al. Effective modulation of male aggression through lateral septum to medial hypothalamus projection. Curr. Biol. 26, 593–604 (2016).
Google Scholar
Falkner, A. L. et al. Hierarchical representations of aggression in a hypothalamic–midbrain circuit. Neuron 106, 637–648.e6 (2020).
Google Scholar
Fang, Y. Y., Yamaguchi, T., Song, S. C., Tritsch, N. X. & Lin, D. A hypothalamic midbrain pathway essential for driving maternal behaviors. Neuron 98, 192–207.e10 (2018).
Google Scholar